Asthma

Asthma involves the narrowing of the bronchial tubes (bronchi), which lead from the windpipe into the lungs. The bronchi carry the air we breathe in and the carbon dioxide we breathe out. In people with asthma, the airway is always sensitive and slightly swollen. In an asthma attack, the airways contract, narrowing the tubes, and therefore the pathway for air to come in and out. The lining of the airways also become more inflamed, and often sticky mucous is produced. This makes it much more difficult to breathe, especially when breathing out, which is why asthma sufferers often inhale in short sharp breaths and exhale in a longer more laboured breath.

The main symptoms are difficulty breathing, shortness of breath and a tight sensation around the throat. An audible wheeze is often present and sometimes coughing can be the main symptom in children.

Asthma attacks can be associated with exercise, cold temperatures, or come on at night. But they can also be caused by an allergy to triggers such as cat fur or dust mites or pollutants such as cigarette smoke and exhaust fumes; or chemical irritants such as some household cleaners.

Most people with asthma can have their condition worsened or even triggered by everyday substances. If you can identify the cause, it may be possible to avoid the trigger such as keeping the house as clear of dust as possible or avoiding cigarette smoke. But the aim of managing asthma with current treatment is to achieve a life not hampered by asthma for as many sufferers as possible.